TS与JS中的Getters和Setter究竟有什么用?
在本文中,我们讨论了getter 和 setter 在现代 Web 开发中的实用性。它们有用吗?什么时候使用它们是有意义的?
当 ECMAScript 5(2009)发布时,getters 和 setter(也称为访问器)被引入 JavaScript。问题是,对于引入它们的原因及实用性存在很多困惑。
我在 reddit 看到了一个帖子【 https://www.reddit.com/r/typescript/comments/87t1h7/are_getters_and_setters_an_antipattern/ 】,讨论的内容是它们是否是反模式。不幸的是,该主题的普遍共识是 “yes”。我认为这是因为大多数情况下,你所做的前端编程都不会要求提供 getter 和 setter 这样的操作。尽管我不同意 getter 和 setter 完全是一个反模式。但它们在几种情况下能带来更多的实用性。
它们是什么?
getter 和 setter 是另一种提供对象属性访问的方法。
一般的用法如下所示:
interface ITrackProps {
name: string;
artist: string;
}
class Track {
private props: ITrackProps;
get name (): string {
return this.props.name;
}
set name (name: string) {
this.props.name = name;
}
get artist (): string {
return this.props.artist;
}
set artist (artist: string) {
this.props.artist = artist;
}
constructor (props: ITrackProps) {
this.props = props;
}
public play (): void {
console.log(`Playing ${this.name} by ${this.artist}`);
}
}现在问题变成了:“为什么不只使用常规类属性?”
那么,在这种情况下, 是可以的 。
interface ITrackProps {
name: string;
artist: string;
}
class Track {
public name: string;
public artist: string;
constructor (name: string, artist: string;) {
this.name = name;
this.artist = artist;
}
public play (): void {
console.log(`Playing ${this.name} by ${this.artist}`);
}
}这是一个非常简单的例子,让我们来看一个更好地描述,为什么我们应该关心使用 getter 和 settter 与常规类属性的场景。
防止贫血模式
你还记得贫血模式(译者注:一种反模式)是什么吗?尽早发现贫血模式的方法之一是,假如你的域实体的 每个属性 都有getter和setter(即: set 对域特定语言没有意义的操作)暴露的话。
如果你没有明确地使用 get 或 set 关键字,那么会使所有 public 也有相同的负面影响。
思考这个例子:
class User {
// Bad. You can now `set` the user id.
// When would you ever need to mutate a user's id to a
// different identifier? Is that safe? Should you be able to?
public id: UserId;
constuctor (id: UserId) {
this.id = id;
}
}在领域驱动设计中,为了防止出现贫血模式,并推进特定于领域的语言的创建,对于我们 仅公开对领域 有效的操作非常重要。
这意味着你需要了解自己正在工作的领域【 https://khalilstemmler.com/articles/solid-principles/single-responsibility/ 】。
我会让自己接受审查。让我们来看看 White Label 【 https://github.com/stemmlerjs/white-label】中的 Vinyl 类,这是一个开源的乙烯基交易程序,使用领域驱动进行设计并基于 TypeScript 构建。
import { AggregateRoot } from "../../core/domain/AggregateRoot";
import { UniqueEntityID } from "../../core/domain/UniqueEntityID";
import { Result } from "../../core/Result";
import { Artist } from "./artist";
import { Genre } from "./genre";
import { TraderId } from "../../trading/domain/traderId";
import { Guard } from "../../core/Guard";
import { VinylCreatedEvent } from "./events/vinylCreatedEvent";
import { VinylId } from "./vinylId";
interface VinylProps {
traderId: TraderId;
title: string;
artist: Artist;
genres: Genre[];
dateAdded?: Date;
}
export type VinylCollection = Vinyl[];
export class Vinyl extends AggregateRoot<VinylProps> {
public static MAX_NUMBER_GENRES_PER_VINYL = 3;
// 1. Facade. The VinylId key doesn't actually exist
// as a property of VinylProps, yet- we still need
// to provide access to it.
get vinylId(): VinylId {
return VinylId.create(this.id)
}
get title (): string {
return this.props.title;
}
//2. All of these properties are nested one layer
// deep as props so that we can control access
// and mutations to the ACTUAL values.
get artist (): Artist {
return this.props.artist
}
get genres (): Genre[] {
return this.props.genres;
}
get dateAdded (): Date {
return this.props.dateAdded;
}
//3. You'll notice that there are no setters so far because
// it doesn't make sense for us to be able to change any of these
// things after it has been created
get traderId (): TraderId {
return this.props.traderId;
}
//4. This approach is called "Encapsulate Collection". We
// will need to add genres, yes. But we still don't expose the
// setter because there's some invariant logic here that we want to
// ensure is enforced.
// Invariants:
// https://khalilstemmler.com/wiki/invariant/
public addGenre (genre: Genre): void {
const maxLengthExceeded = this.props.genres
.length >= Vinyl.MAX_NUMBER_GENRES_PER_VINYL;
const alreadyAdded = this.props.genres
.find((g) => g.id.equals(genre.id));
if (!alreadyAdded && !maxLengthExceeded) {
this.props.genres.push(genre);
}
}
//5. Provide a way to remove as well.
public removeGenre (genre: Genre): void {
this.props.genres = this.props.genres
.filter((g) => !g.id.equals(genre.id));
}
private constructor (props: VinylProps, id?: UniqueEntityID) {
super(props, id);
}
// 6. This is how we create Vinyl. After it's created, all properties
// effectively become "read only", except for Genre because that's all that
// makes sense to enabled to be mutated.
public static create (props: VinylProps, id?: UniqueEntityID): Result<Vinyl> {
const propsResult = Guard.againstNullOrUndefinedBulk([
{ argument: props.title, argumentName: 'title' },
{ argument: props.artist, argumentName: 'artist' },
{ argument: props.genres, argumentName: 'genres' },
{ argument: props.traderId, argumentName: 'traderId' }
]);
if (!propsResult.succeeded) {
return Result.fail<Vinyl>(propsResult.message)
}
const vinyl = new Vinyl({
...props,
dateAdded: props.dateAdded ? props.dateAdded : new Date(),
genres: Array.isArray(props.genres) ? props.genres : [],
}, id);
const isNewlyCreated = !!id === false;
if (isNewlyCreated) {
// 7. This is why we need VinylId. To provide the identifier
// for any subscribers to this domain event.
vinyl.addDomainEvent(new VinylCreatedEvent(vinyl.vinylId))
}
return Result.ok<Vinyl>(vinyl);
}
}充当外观、维护只读值、强制执行模型表达、封装集合以及创建域事件【 https://khalilstemmler.com/blogs/domain-driven-design/where-do-domain-events-get-dispatched/ 】是领域驱动设计中 getter 和 setter 的一些非常可靠的用例。
在 vue.js 中更改检测
Vue.js 是一个较新的前端框架,以其快速和响应式而闻名。Vue.js 能够如此有效地检测改变的原因是它们用 Object.defineProperty() api 去 监视 对 View Models 的更改!
来自 Vue.js 关于响应式的文档:
当你将纯 JavaScript 对象作为其数据选项传递给 Vue 实例时,Vue 将遍历其所有属性并用 Object.defineProperty 将它们转换为 getter/setter。getter/setter 对用户是不可见的,但是在幕后,它们使 Vue 能够在访问或修改属性时执行依赖关系跟踪和更改通知。—— Vue.js 文档:响应式(https://vuejs.org/v2/guide/reactivity.html)
总之,getter 和 setter 针对很多问题有很大的实用性。不过在现代前端 Web 开发中,这些问题并没有太多出现。
原文: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/typescript-javascript-getters-and-setters-are-they-useless/
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