Python发送邮件

在日常工作和学习中，我们经常需要发送邮件。Python提供了简单易用的邮件发送功能，可以自动发送文本邮件、html邮件，甚至包含附件的邮件。

准备工作

在开始发送邮件之前，你需要准备：

发件人邮箱地址
邮箱密码或授权码
SMTP服务器地址和端口

常用的邮箱SMTP设置：

邮箱服务商	SMTP服务器	端口
QQ邮箱	smtp.qq.com	465或587
163邮箱	smtp.163.com	465或587
Gmail	smtp.gmail.com	587

注意：现在大多数邮箱都需要使用授权码而不是邮箱密码来发送邮件。

发送纯文本邮件

最基本的邮件就是纯文本格式。

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.header import Header

def send_text_email():
    # 邮箱配置
    smtp_server = "smtp.qq.com"      # QQ邮箱SMTP服务器
    port = 465                       # SSL端口
    sender_email = "your_email@qq.com"  # 发件人邮箱
    password = "your_authorization_code"  # 邮箱授权码
    receiver_email = "receiver@example.com"  # 收件人邮箱
    
    # 创建邮件内容
    subject = "Python邮件测试"        # 邮件主题
    body = """
    这是一封来自Python的测试邮件。
    
    恭喜！你已经成功使用Python发送了第一封邮件。
    
    祝好，
    Python程序
    """                              # 邮件正文
    
    # 设置邮件信息
    message = MIMEText(body, 'plain', 'utf-8')  # 纯文本格式
    message['From'] = Header("Python发件人", 'utf-8')  # 发件人名称
    message['To'] = Header("收件人", 'utf-8')         # 收件人名称
    message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')     # 邮件主题
    
    try:
        # 创建SMTP连接
        server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, port)
        # 登录邮箱
        server.login(sender_email, password)
        # 发送邮件
        server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message.as_string())
        # 关闭连接
        server.quit()
        print("邮件发送成功！")
        
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"邮件发送失败: {e}")

# 发送邮件
send_text_email()

发送HTML格式邮件

HTML邮件可以包含丰富的格式和样式。

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.header import Header

def send_html_email():
    # 邮箱配置
    smtp_server = "smtp.qq.com"
    port = 465
    sender_email = "your_email@qq.com"
    password = "your_authorization_code"
    receiver_email = "receiver@example.com"
    
    # HTML邮件内容
    subject = "HTML格式测试邮件"
    html_body = """
    <html>
    <head>
        <style>
            body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; }
            .header { background-color: #f0f0f0; padding: 20px; }
            .content { padding: 20px; }
            .footer { background-color: #f8f8f8; padding: 10px; text-align: center; }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div>
            <h1>欢迎使用Python发送邮件</h1>
        </div>
        <div>
            <p>这是一封<strong>HTML格式</strong>的测试邮件。</p>
            <p>你可以在这里添加各种HTML元素：</p>
            <ul>
                <li>列表项1</li>
                <li>列表项2</li>
                <li>列表项3</li>
            </ul>
            <p>访问我们的网站：<a href="https://www.fly63.com">fly63教程</a></p>
        </div>
        <div>
            <p>© 2024 Python邮件系统</p>
        </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    """
    
    # 设置邮件信息
    message = MIMEText(html_body, 'html', 'utf-8')
    message['From'] = Header("Python邮件系统", 'utf-8')
    message['To'] = Header(receiver_email, 'utf-8')
    message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
    
    try:
        server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, port)
        server.login(sender_email, password)
        server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message.as_string())
        server.quit()
        print("HTML邮件发送成功！")
        
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"邮件发送失败: {e}")

# 发送HTML邮件
send_html_email()

发送带附件的邮件

发送附件在工作和学习中非常实用。

import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.application import MIMEApplication
from email.header import Header
import os

def send_email_with_attachment():
    # 邮箱配置
    smtp_server = "smtp.qq.com"
    port = 465
    sender_email = "your_email@qq.com"
    password = "your_authorization_code"
    receiver_email = "receiver@example.com"
    
    # 创建多部分邮件
    message = MIMEMultipart()
    message['From'] = Header("文件发送系统", 'utf-8')
    message['To'] = Header(receiver_email, 'utf-8')
    message['Subject'] = Header("带附件的测试邮件", 'utf-8')
    
    # 邮件正文
    body = """
    你好！
    
    这封邮件包含附件，请查收。
    
    附件说明：
    1. 示例文档
    2. 数据文件
    
    如有问题请回复此邮件。
    
    谢谢！
    """
    message.attach(MIMEText(body, 'plain', 'utf-8'))
    
    # 添加附件1 - 文本文件
    try:
        # 创建一个示例文件
        with open('example.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            f.write("这是一个示例文本文件内容。\n")
            f.write("使用Python自动生成。\n")
            f.write("创建时间：2024年\n")
        
        with open('example.txt', 'rb') as file:
            attachment = MIMEApplication(file.read(), _subtype='txt')
            attachment.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', 
                                filename='示例文档.txt')
            message.attach(attachment)
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"添加文本附件失败: {e}")
    
    # 添加附件2 - PDF文件（如果有的话）
    pdf_file = 'example.pdf'
    if os.path.exists(pdf_file):
        try:
            with open(pdf_file, 'rb') as file:
                attachment = MIMEApplication(file.read(), _subtype='pdf')
                attachment.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', 
                                    filename='示例PDF.pdf')
                message.attach(attachment)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"添加PDF附件失败: {e}")
    
    try:
        server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, port)
        server.login(sender_email, password)
        server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message.as_string())
        server.quit()
        print("带附件的邮件发送成功！")
        
        # 清理临时文件
        if os.path.exists('example.txt'):
            os.remove('example.txt')
            
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"邮件发送失败: {e}")

# 发送带附件的邮件
send_email_with_attachment()

发送包含图片的HTML邮件

在HTML邮件中嵌入图片可以让邮件更加生动。

import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.header import Header

def send_email_with_images():
    # 邮箱配置
    smtp_server = "smtp.qq.com"
    port = 465
    sender_email = "your_email@qq.com"
    password = "your_authorization_code"
    receiver_email = "receiver@example.com"
    
    # 创建邮件
    message = MIMEMultipart('related')
    message['From'] = Header("图片邮件测试", 'utf-8')
    message['To'] = Header(receiver_email, 'utf-8')
    message['Subject'] = Header("包含图片的HTML邮件", 'utf-8')
    
    # 创建HTML正文
    html_content = """
    <html>
    <body>
        <h2>包含图片的HTML邮件</h2>
        <p>这是一封包含嵌入式图片的邮件：</p>
        
        <h3>产品介绍</h3>
        <p>我们的产品具有以下特点：</p>
        <img src="cid:image1" alt="产品图片1" width="300">
        
        <h3>使用场景</h3>
        <p>适用于各种工作环境：</p>
        <img src="cid:image2" alt="使用场景" width="300">
        
        <p>更多信息请访问我们的网站。</p>
    </body>
    </html>
    """
    
    # 添加HTML正文
    html_part = MIMEText(html_content, 'html', 'utf-8')
    message.attach(html_part)
    
    # 添加图片1
    try:
        # 这里需要替换为实际的图片文件路径
        with open('image1.jpg', 'rb') as img_file:
            img_data = img_file.read()
        image1 = MIMEImage(img_data)
        image1.add_header('Content-ID', '<image1>')
        message.attach(image1)
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"添加图片1失败: {e}")
    
    # 添加图片2
    try:
        with open('image2.jpg', 'rb') as img_file:
            img_data = img_file.read()
        image2 = MIMEImage(img_data)
        image2.add_header('Content-ID', '<image2>')
        message.attach(image2)
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"添加图片2失败: {e}")
    
    try:
        server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, port)
        server.login(sender_email, password)
        server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message.as_string())
        server.quit()
        print("包含图片的邮件发送成功！")
        
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"邮件发送失败: {e}")

# 发送包含图片的邮件
# send_email_with_images()

批量发送邮件

在工作中，我们经常需要给多个收件人发送相同的邮件。

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.header import Header

def send_batch_emails():
    # 邮箱配置
    smtp_server = "smtp.qq.com"
    port = 465
    sender_email = "your_email@qq.com"
    password = "your_authorization_code"
    
    # 收件人列表
    receivers = [
        "user1@example.com",
        "user2@example.com", 
        "user3@example.com",
        "user4@example.com"
    ]
    
    # 邮件主题和内容
    subject = "会议通知"
    body_template = """
    尊敬的{name}：
    
    您好！
    
    我们将于本周五下午2点在公司会议室召开项目进度会议。
    
    会议内容：
    1. 项目进度汇报
    2. 遇到的问题讨论
    3. 下一步工作计划
    
    请您准时参加，并准备好相关材料。
    
    谢谢！
    
    会议组织者
    2024年1月
    """
    
    # 收件人信息（姓名）
    receiver_info = {
        "user1@example.com": "张三",
        "user2@example.com": "李四",
        "user3@example.com": "王五", 
        "user4@example.com": "赵六"
    }
    
    success_count = 0
    fail_count = 0
    
    try:
        server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, port)
        server.login(sender_email, password)
        
        for receiver_email in receivers:
            try:
                # 个性化邮件内容
                name = receiver_info.get(receiver_email, "同事")
                personalized_body = body_template.format(name=name)
                
                # 创建邮件
                message = MIMEText(personalized_body, 'plain', 'utf-8')
                message['From'] = Header("会议通知系统", 'utf-8')
                message['To'] = Header(name, 'utf-8')
                message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
                
                # 发送邮件
                server.sendmail(sender_email, receiver_email, message.as_string())
                print(f"发送成功: {receiver_email}")
                success_count += 1
                
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"发送失败 {receiver_email}: {e}")
                fail_count += 1
        
        server.quit()
        print(f"\n批量发送完成！")
        print(f"成功: {success_count} 封")
        print(f"失败: {fail_count} 封")
        
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"连接失败: {e}")

# 批量发送邮件
# send_batch_emails()

实用的邮件发送类

为了方便重复使用，我们可以创建一个邮件发送类。

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.application import MIMEApplication
from email.header import Header
import os

class EmailSender:
    def __init__(self, smtp_server, port, sender_email, password):
        self.smtp_server = smtp_server
        self.port = port
        self.sender_email = sender_email
        self.password = password
    
    def send_text_email(self, receiver_email, subject, body, sender_name=None):
        """发送纯文本邮件"""
        try:
            message = MIMEText(body, 'plain', 'utf-8')
            message['From'] = Header(sender_name or self.sender_email, 'utf-8')
            message['To'] = Header(receiver_email, 'utf-8')
            message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
            
            return self._send_email(receiver_email, message)
        except Exception as e:
            return False, str(e)
    
    def send_html_email(self, receiver_email, subject, html_content, sender_name=None):
        """发送HTML邮件"""
        try:
            message = MIMEText(html_content, 'html', 'utf-8')
            message['From'] = Header(sender_name or self.sender_email, 'utf-8')
            message['To'] = Header(receiver_email, 'utf-8')
            message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
            
            return self._send_email(receiver_email, message)
        except Exception as e:
            return False, str(e)
    
    def send_email_with_attachments(self, receiver_email, subject, body, attachments, sender_name=None):
        """发送带附件的邮件"""
        try:
            message = MIMEMultipart()
            message['From'] = Header(sender_name or self.sender_email, 'utf-8')
            message['To'] = Header(receiver_email, 'utf-8')
            message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
            
            # 添加正文
            message.attach(MIMEText(body, 'plain', 'utf-8'))
            
            # 添加附件
            for attachment_path in attachments:
                if os.path.exists(attachment_path):
                    with open(attachment_path, 'rb') as file:
                        filename = os.path.basename(attachment_path)
                        attachment = MIMEApplication(file.read(), _subtype='octet-stream')
                        attachment.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', 
                                            filename=filename)
                        message.attach(attachment)
            
            return self._send_email(receiver_email, message)
        except Exception as e:
            return False, str(e)
    
    def _send_email(self, receiver_email, message):
        """实际发送邮件"""
        try:
            server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(self.smtp_server, self.port)
            server.login(self.sender_email, self.password)
            server.sendmail(self.sender_email, receiver_email, message.as_string())
            server.quit()
            return True, "发送成功"
        except Exception as e:
            return False, str(e)

# 使用示例
def main():
    # 初始化邮件发送器
    email_sender = EmailSender(
        smtp_server="smtp.qq.com",
        port=465,
        sender_email="your_email@qq.com",
        password="your_authorization_code"
    )
    
    # 发送文本邮件
    success, message = email_sender.send_text_email(
        receiver_email="receiver@example.com",
        subject="测试邮件",
        body="这是一封测试邮件内容。",
        sender_name="Python邮件系统"
    )
    
    if success:
        print("文本邮件发送成功")
    else:
        print(f"发送失败: {message}")
    
    # 发送HTML邮件
    html_content = """
    <h1>HTML邮件测试</h1>
    <p>这是一封<strong>HTML格式</strong>的邮件。</p>
    """
    
    success, message = email_sender.send_html_email(
        receiver_email="receiver@example.com",
        subject="HTML测试邮件", 
        html_content=html_content
    )
    
    if success:
        print("HTML邮件发送成功")
    else:
        print(f"发送失败: {message}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

常见问题解决

1. 获取邮箱授权码

以QQ邮箱为例：

登录QQ邮箱
点击"设置" → "账户"
找到"POP3/IMAP/SMTP/Exchange/CardDAV/CalDAV服务"
开启"POP3/SMTP服务"
按照提示获取授权码

2. 处理发送失败

def safe_send_email(email_sender, receiver_email, subject, body):
    """安全的邮件发送函数，包含重试机制"""
    max_retries = 3
    for attempt in range(max_retries):
        try:
            success, message = email_sender.send_text_email(
                receiver_email, subject, body
            )
            if success:
                return True, "发送成功"
            else:
                print(f"第{attempt + 1}次尝试失败: {message}")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"第{attempt + 1}次尝试异常: {e}")
    
    return False, "所有尝试都失败了"

3. 邮件内容格式建议

主题要简洁明了
正文要分段，避免大段文字
重要的信息可以加粗或使用列表
包含明确的称呼和落款

掌握Python发送邮件的技能，可以让你在工作中自动化很多重复性的邮件发送任务，大大提高工作效率。

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链接: https://fly63.com/course/36_2114